A Critical Essay on Raimondo Pannikar Essay Free Essays

Raimondo Panikkar is a Roman Catholic Priest who represents considerable authority in the overview of relative teaching of confidence. He was conceived in Barcelona Spain on November 03. 1918. We will compose a custom article test on A Critical Essay on Raimondo Pannikar Essay or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Potentially. the various bury confidence marriage of his female parent. who was a Catholic from Catalonia Spain. what's more, his male parent who was a Hindu from an incredibly arranged rank Nair from South India. accounts most for his inclusion in relative otherworldly tenet. His guidance other than contributed much in this. He was instructed in a Jesuit school and he took up synthetic science and tenet at colleges in Madrid. Barcelona and Bonn. Subsequent to being appointed as a Roman Catholic Priest in 1946. furthermore, keeping doctor’s degrees in Philosophy and Science ( Complutense University. Madrid 1945 and 1958 ) and holiness ( Pontifical Lateran University. Rome. 1961 ) . he left for India in 1953 to set about surveies in Indian principle and confidence at the University of Mysore and at the Banaras Hindu University. He composed 40 books and around a 1000 articles covering with near precept and confidence and has thought on rules and examples of multi-confidence. which incorporates among others. duologues between Christian-Hindu. Christian-Buddhist and Christian-Secularist. In the book Intrareligious Dialouges. Panikkar said â€Å"I left as a Christian ; got myself a Hindu ; and I return as a Buddhist. without holding stopped to be a Christian. † ( Panikkar. Paulist Press ; updated release. July 1999. ISBN 0809137631 ) . Panikkar’s parts are broadly cited and by and large used to back up the hypothesis of ( your commonly recognized name 2 ) otherworldly pluralism. interfaith and multi-confidence surveies each piece great as profound relative precept. THE WEBSITE HTTP:/WWW. RELIGIOUSTOLERANCE. Organization No undertaking how you depict yourself. you ought to happen your convictions and examples precisely spoke to in this site. †( ReligiousTolerance. organization ) This site is a copyrighted side by Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. In their Statement of conviction the web Masterss said that they are a multi-confidence gathering. Starting at 2008-FEB. we comprise of one Atheist. Rationalist. Christian. Wiccan and Zen Buddhist. In this way. the OCRT staff insufficiency understanding on pretty much all philosophical issues. for example, faith in a preeminent being. the idea of God. perusing of the Bible and other blessed writings. regardless of whether life after expire exists. what structure the great beyond may take. and so forth ( ReligiousTolerance. organization ) They continue to recount cardinal focuses in their conviction framework in a slug way. furthermore, among others. said that they In moving in the direction of a human progress that is nearly liberated from preference on the balance of sexual orientation. race. sexual direction. sex uniqueness. confidence. national start. physical disablement. age. and so on ( ReligiousTolerance. organization ) . On the left manus side of the site there are interactive connections of articles and papers that rundown among others. the significant beliefs of the universe. Non-mystical articles, for example, Agnosticism and Humanism. There are other than articles on Religious Ethical thought processes. Harmony and Conflict. â€Å"Hot† Topics each piece great as Laws and News. In general the site is clear and direct. The interface is extremely simple to ( your commonly recognized name 3 ) utilization and truly easy to understand. The site has supporters advertisements. be that as it may, none of the typical inconvenience pop-ups. and additionally seething ambient melodies and different knick-knacks that are found in other sites. The articles in the site introduced in a rationale way. are anything but difficult to use and subjects are ordered obviously for simple referencing and recovery. It is other than peppered with pieces and quotes from profound pioneers and other imperative characters. One such outline is on the base part of the website page. from Mahatma Gandhi â€Å"The request of the moment is non one confidence. be that as it may, basic respect and resilience of the devotees of the various religions. ( Ghandi ) . The site is a significant asset for data in the significant beliefs of the universe. It is a top of the line start of in profundity otherworldly similar articles each piece great as current issues affecting religion and example. WORKS CITED Pannikar. Raimondo. Intrareligious Dialouges: Paulist Press ; updated release. July 1999. ISBN 0809137631 ) . Raimon-Panikkar. organization Fundacion Vivarium Raimon Panikkar †Tavertet ( Catalunya ) Retrieved February 25. 2009. hypertext move convention:/www. raimon-panikkar. organization/file. html ReligiousTolerance. Organization. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Recovered February 25. 2009. hypertext move convention:/www. religioustolerance. organization/ Instructions to refer to A Critical Essay on Raimondo Pannikar Essay, Essay models

The HR Manager Essay Example for Free

The HR Manager Essay Presentation  â â â â â â â â â â In this nation, and even in the remainder of the world, the act of Human Resources Management is quickly advancing to expect a progressively inescapable job in the general public.  We are in the period of authoritative transformation. Out time is set apart with fast moves in the demography of our workforce, changing corporate culture, and evolving associations. Authoritative structures have become progressively intricate and new structures have been created (Block, 1981). The administration of individuals has never been as significant and essential than at any other time. Today, it is viewed as a focal figure and the way to efficiency and quality particularly in an extremely serious society. The Need  â â â â â â â â â â In the light of the fast move in today’s association, the abilities expected of human asset chiefs, amateurs in the calling and in any event, hopeful understudies in the order, lay on the establishment of information all in all range of HR the board, explicitly the executives speculations applied in our setting (Kline Saunders, 1993).  â â â â â â â â â â The requirement for a progressively proficient, affordable and evenhanded administration of the HR in business industry has never been as articulated as it is today. This need has never been achieved by factors which definitely influence not just the built up structures and methods of getting things done inside the staff territory yet in addition by the more significant and considerable undertaking of dealing with the organization’s most significant resource †the human asset. Among these components are: stiffer rivalry in business; fast changes in mechanical, serious and monetary conditions; the blast of specialized and administrative information; spiraling pay and advantages cost thus numerous others. These elements have no uncertainty been answerable for the development of the work force work as an essential territory in the usage of corporate procedure (Bruffee, 1993).  â â â â â â â â â â The impact of social science has brought about a humanistic direction for faculty the executives that is designed for achievement of hierarchical destinations. Conventional capacities in work force, for example, employing, pay and advantages organization and record keeping are as yet being performed. In any case, the extent of faculty the executives has been extended to incorporate key concerns, for example, among others, profession arranging, authoritative turn of events and network relations. This connecting of faculty the executives with the way toward accomplishing the organization’s vital objective characterizes the subjective jump into human asset the executives (Demick, 1993). III. Characterizing our wording  â â â â â â â â â â What are realizing speculations and what are the ramifications of these to the current issue? How would we realize that these are in activity? What exercises ought to be made sure about in an association that will empower the information on these speculations? As we were simply contemplating on the grave requirement for the upliftment and most extreme usage of our workforce by tending to a few variables inalienable in the calling, we need to initially investigate these learning speculations and dissect about their commitment to a troublesome year.  â â â â â â â â â â Atkinson (1993) best sums up what realizing hypotheses accept:  â â â â â â â â â â â€Å"Learning invades our lives. It is included not just in acing another aptitude  â â â â â â â â â â or scholastic subject yet in addition in enthusiastic turn of events, social connection  â â â â â â â â â â and even character advancement. We realize what we dread, what to adore,  â â â â â â â â â â how to be neighborly, etc. Given the inescapability of learning in our lives,  â â â â â â â â â â it isn't astonishing that we have just examined numerous occasions of it †how  â â â â â â â â â â for instance, youngsters love to see their general surroundings, to relate to  â â â â â â â â â â their own sex, and to control their conduct as indicated by grown-up standards.†  â â â â â â â â â â Learning as advocates guarantee them to be, perhaps characterized as a generally perpetual change in conduct that outcomes from training: conduct changes that are because of development (instead of training), or impermanent states of the creature (for example weakness, or medication initiated) are excluded. All instances of learning are not the equivalent, however. Learning is characterized by Craig et al as a procedure through which one’s limit or demeanor is changed because of experience. Obviously, while learning can be characterized as a procedure and an item, most definitions stress learning more as a procedure. Changes coming about because of improvement and experience are stressed. III. The Concepts of Learning  â â â â â â â â â â There are three sorts of learning. These three various types might be recognized as traditional molding, operant molding, and psychological learning. In the investigation of conduct, ideas in learning are separated and characterized.  â â â â â â â â â â In traditional molding, the adapted reaction frequently takes after the typical reaction to the unconditioned boost. Ideas, for example, procurement, annihilation, separation, termination, speculation, unconstrained recuperation, and higher request of learning are totally connected with old style molding. is depicted by our free yet hurtful.  â â â â â â â â â â Much of genuine conduct is this way however: reaction is found out in light of the fact that people work on, or impact the earth. Ideas like instrumental molding, fortification, forming, eradication, discipline, biofeedback, token economies, and modified learning are basic thoughts in the hypothesis (Atkinson et al, 2000).  â â â â â â â â â â While old style and operant molding are both generally straightforward types of learning, Cognitive learning, then again, includes mental procedures, for example, consideration and memory, that might be learned through perception or impersonation; it may not include any outer rewards or require the individual to play out any recognizable practices. Ideas in intellectual learning incorporate Insight learning and perception learning. Understanding learning is a psychological procedure set apart by the abrupt event of an answer while observational learning, state scholars, may represent most human learning. It happens, when we watch individuals around us, as right on time as a year old and even underneath, getting things done and we gain proficiency with those undertakings they do (Atkinson et al, 2000).  â â â â â â â â â â Modern administration hypotheses utilize these ideas in explicit and particular structures. It’s brain science applied in the business and association. They call these self-learning and constant learning. Self-coordinated preparing incorporates the student starting the picking up, settling on the choices about what preparing and improvement encounters will happen, and how. The student chooses and completes their own learning objectives, destinations, techniques and intends to confirm that the objectives were met.  â â â â â â â â â â Probably the most significant ability for todays quickly changing workforce is aptitudes in self-reflection. The exceptionally energetic, self-coordinated student with aptitudes in self-reflection can move toward the work environment as a ceaseless homeroom from which to learn.  â â â â â â â â â â Supervisors and representatives who cooperate to achieve formal, self-coordinated learning in the working environment additionally achieves nonstop learning for proceeded with efficiency and learning. The Nature of the Work.  â â â â â â â â â â Attracting the most qualified representatives and coordinating them to the employments for which they are most appropriate is huge for the accomplishment of any association. Be that as it may, numerous endeavors are too huge to even consider permitting close contact between top administration and representatives. HR, preparing, and work relations supervisors and authorities give this association. Previously, these laborers have been related with playing out the managerial capacity of an association, for example, taking care of worker benefits questions or enrolling, meeting, and recruiting new staff as per strategies and necessities that have been built up related to top administration. Today’s HR laborers deal with these errands and, progressively, counsel top administrators in regards to vital arranging. They have moved from in the background staff work to driving the organization in proposing and evolving arrangements. Senior administration is perceiving the noteworthiness of the HR office to their money related achievement.  â â â â â â â â â â with an end goal to upgrade assurance and profitability, limit work turnover, and assist associations with expanding execution and improve business results, they likewise help their organizations viably use representative abilities, give preparing and advancement chances to improve those aptitudes, and increment employees’ fulfillment with their occupations and working conditions. Albeit a few employments in the HR field require just restricted contact with individuals outside the workplace, managing individuals is a significant piece of the activity.  â â â â â â â â â â The instructive foundations of HR, preparing, and work relations chiefs and experts shift impressively due to the assorted variety of obligations and levels of duty. In filling section level occupations, numerous businesses look for school graduates who have studied HR, HR administrat

The Ultimate Guide to Marketing Myopia

The Ultimate Guide to Marketing Myopia Myopia â€" perhaps some of you may be familiar with this term but you may be wondering, how does it relate to marketing? For those of you who do not know, myopia describes the phenomenon of distant objects appearing very blurry. Some people just call it nearsightedness. So when you hear the word “Marketing Myopia”, what comes to mind? Is it the shortsightedness of marketing tactics? Failure to see the long-term goals of marketing schemes? Well the answer is yes and no. It is a little more complex and multi-layered than that description.Marketing Myopia is the title of a marketing paper written by Theodore Levitt that was published in the Harvard Business Review in 1960. According to the writer, businesses will do better in the end if they focus their attention on meeting customers’ needs rather than on selling products.This brings up the age-old debate of selling vs. marketing. Many people conflate the two terms. Selling is concerned with the needs of the seller and/or manufact urer whereas marketing is more concerned with satisfying the needs of the buyer and client. When you are selling, you are putting your efforts into creating the best product on the market (according to you) that will appeal to the broad spectrum of the target audience. When you are marketing, you are taking what you have made (not necessarily perfect) and tailoring it to appeal to a particular customer’s needs.Many businesses put far too much emphasis what they are creating and selling but fail to look at the bigger picture â€" what do my clients actually want?  Marketing Myopia is deals with the shortsighted nature of many companies who start strong but end up failing at the end. These companies seem to concentrate so much on immediate short-term gains that they lose sight of making profits and benefits in the long run.To give you a better idea of what Marketing Myopia is, we have compiled an extensive guide for you that goes over several talking points of marketing. By the end o f this, we hope to have clarified the mystery of marketing and made you open your eyes a little bit wider to see the bigger picture of long-term gains. © Shutterstock.com | Minerva StudioIn this guide, well explore 1) what is marketing myopia, 2) what are its causes, and 3) proven strategies to avoid or minimize marketing myopia in your business.MARKETING MYOPIAEvery year, thousands of products are launched, with a vast majority of them failing and never living to see the light of success. Levitt’s argument in his article was that companies sometimes take a narrow-minded approach to marketing, making only short-term goals and thinking about themselves and their products/services more than the needs and wants of their consumers.This results in companies failing to adapt to the market and it causes them to always play catch-up with the trends of the market. Instead, companies should clearly define their products by catering to the target audience and addressing their wants and needs rather than their own. Companies need to have a clear vision by being customer-oriented, always prioritizing the demands of the market above everything else.Theodore Levitt’s Marketing Myopia primarily uses the petroleum industry to describe the problems of nearsightedness in marketing. We will touch upon this particular case in an example in this article but we will also provide other examples from other industries to show more instances of shortsightedness in marketing by companies that have failed to adapt.We will look at various causes of marketing myopia below and give various examples to demonstrate how they can be very detrimental to any business.CAUSES OF MARKETING MYOPIAThere are plenty of reasons for companies to focus on the shortsighted nature of selling and experience its negative effects, rather than look at the longsighted nature of marketing. Suffering from this phenomenon is usually indicative of poor management. Good management will generally not look at things in short-term gains but instead look toward the long-term benefits. We will talk about this later.For now, let’s have a look at some of the causes of shortsighted marketing.Companies assume they are in a Growth IndustryWhat is a growth industry? Let’s look at some definitions of this term before we scrutinize and dissect it.“A growth industry is an expanding sector of an economy, or one growing much faster in comparison to the overall economy. It is also called a sunrise industry. It is the opposite of a mature industry.” â€" Business Dictionary“A growth industry is the sector of the economy experiencing a higher-than-normal growth rate. Growth industries are often associated with new or pioneer industries that did not exist in the past and their growth is related to the consumer demand for new product or services offered by firms within the same industry.” â€" InvestopediaIn essence, a business is doing extremely well in the economy and growing rapidly because it is doing something revolutionary or is pioneering the future can be considered to be in a growth industry. Well, at least the company thinks so. With the foll owing example, you will clearly see why companies who assume that their product or service is the be-all and end-all of solutions usually shoot themselves in the foot. Example â€" Dry CleaningWhile it may be hard to believe this in the year 2016, the dry cleaning business was actually once considered to be a growth industry with lavish prospects. In the mid-20th century, where most people wore garments made of wool, it was a wonderful and pleasant feeling of getting your garments safely and easily cleaned. At the time, it was really a lifesaver. Yet here we are in the 21st century and nobody is really talking about the dry cleaning industry. Why is that? Was there a better way of cleaning?Well, yes and no. The decline in dry cleaning came from the fact that clothes were now being made with alternative materials, such as cotton and polyester. Not many people wear suits made from wool anymore; many now wear t-shirts and clothes made from synthetic fibers or cotton, making them much ea sier to wash with water. Laundry has become very common nowadays and is much cheaper with a wider application range.Did the dry cleaning companies fail to see the trend of clothing? Did they fail by concentrating solely on cleaning wool garments? They were very shortsighted in their cleaning approach, only targeting wool garments but not aiming for cleaning all clothes. They did not adapt to the market and create laundries for customers to wash their non-wool clothes. Dry cleaners were soon challenged by laundries all over the world and these laundries have now taken over the garments cleaning industry.The Truth of Growth IndustriesLevitt famously said, “The reality of the matter is that there is no such thing as a growth industry. There are only companies organized and operated to create and capitalize on growth opportunities.”Many industries assume that they are on a sort of growth escalator but they always end up falling from their high seat. When you look at the history and statistics or every dying growth industry, there is a self-deceiving cycle of bountiful expansion and undetected decay.Companies believe there are no Competitive SubstitutesMany companies ride their early success, never imagining how rapidly their business will grow in a short span of time. This is very apparent in the railroad industry in the early 20th century. The following example will illustrate how companies that fail to define their business and neglect the possibility of substitutes are ultimately caught off guard.Example â€" Railroads and TrainsThe railroad lines are a classic case study presented by Levitt himself. The companies that were manufacturing trains fell into a steep decline because they thought they were in the rail business, but failed to realize they were actually in the transportation business. They were transporting people and freight across the country. Trains were a means of getting from point A to point B. In the early 20th century, it was the most reliab le and viable option. However, there were alternative means of transportation being offered by other companies, such as cars and trucks.Many railroad companies specifically branded their companies as being the best train manufacturers and kept on improving the speed and quality of their trains. Instead of branching out into other modes of transportation, such as cars, trucks, and airplanes, they allowed themselves to be superseded by other companies who were progressive thinking and provided more advanced means of transportation. By the mid-20th century, airplanes became more commonplace and nowadays, it is the preferred mode of travel if you want to journey very long distances in a short amount of time.Had the railroad companies adapted to the advancement in technology in transportation, they would have entered the vehicle market or the airplane market. Alas, they did not. We are not saying that the train industry is a dying one. It is perhaps not as popular or thriving as the plan e industry or the automobile industry, but it is still alive and kicking. However, we would like to point out that those companies had the chance to combat the competitors by entering those markets, too.Diversifying your operations may not seem intuitive all the time, but it keeps you current and makes your company relevant on all grounds. This is a classic case describing that you either must adapt to the times by satisfying your customers or get cast to the wayside by your competitors.Failure to Consider the Requirements of the ConsumerOftentimes, companies put a ton of effort, time, and money into their own products without considering the needs and desires of their consumers. Levitt said that instead of being business-centered, organizations should always be customer-oriented in order to win in the long run and survive in the market.Rather than saying, “We are making the best kind of product on the market so it will surely appeal to consumers,” you should be asking yourself, “How can we address the problems of our consumers?” Looking outward instead of inward is save you from being shortsighted by your own ambitions. For any business, it should be clear that the end consumers are always the most important assets and you must cater to what they want in order to stay relevant.Let’s look at an example of how a once famous company known for manufacturing mobile phones was quickly superseded by competitors.Example â€" Nokia’s Fall from GraceNot too long ago, back in the early 2000s, if you had asked people what phones they were using, they would have almost invariably said Nokia. Nokia, the Finnish mobile phone manufacturer, was the market share leader in their industry, releasing a variety of models every year, coming in various shapes and sizes. They made phones that allowed you to make phone calls, send texts, and even listen to music on the go. They introduced color displays, too. All of that sounds quite good, right? You would think that nothin g could go wrong, but you thought wrong.In January 2007, Steve Jobs announced the iPhone, the first smartphone from Apple. It garnered plenty of media attention and hype because it was touted to be “a computer in your pocket, a smart device in the palm of your hands.” Initially, nobody thought they wanted a computer in their pockets. You cannot blame them really. Computers just a decade ago were quite bulky.However, the promise of integration and simplicity is what people loved about the idea of a smartphone. Later that year, the iPhone was officially launched and as we all know, the rest is history. Apple took the mobile phone market by storm and many companies were already releasing their smartphones at around the same time. Companies like Samsung and Sony come to mind. Now there are other major Chinese smartphone manufacturers, such as HTC and One Plus, which are growing in popularity. However, there is one name missing â€" Nokia.Nokia failed to address the problems that user s were experiencing with their phones. Many reported that the software was very sluggish and the keypads were difficult to type on. Nokia had long ignored these issues and continued rolling out phones year in and year out. Granted, they were doing well for a number of years but ever since the later part of the last decade, they have not enjoyed anywhere near the same level of success. They failed to adopt Android, a modern and sleek operating system by Google, or even create their own to compete with Apple’s iOS.For a long time now, Nokia has been chasing the pack up ahead, still trying to find out how to get on the good side of consumers.[slideshare id=18410791doc=disruptiveinnovationsmartphonesandthedeclineofnokia-130408093809-phpapp02w=640h=330]Focusing more on Products and not on CustomersThe biggest problem plaguing companies is focusing entirely on mass production. A company will presume that since they have been performing so well, they can simply manufacture a large volume of products without tailoring them to the needs of the consumers. There is a lesson to be learnt here â€" always solve problems first, then go for mass production.According to the theory of mass production, you will be able to drive the unit cost down by producing more units. While that may be true, that is only fruitful if you can actually sell what you are producing. Imagine having a large inventory of products that you believe are exceptional and you fully believe that people will love them when they see it. You have totally neglected marketing and put too much attention on production.Marketing is one of the key pillars of success for any company. If you fail to see the bigger picture (how am I actually helping my customers with my products and/or services?), then you will simply make a large volume of goods that serve no purpose to the end consumers. Mass production promotes selling, but it does not look at the more important aspect of marketing.We have stated this before, and we cannot stress enough how important it is to know the difference between selling and marketing. This is the key difference a subpar company and a very successful one. Many companies fall under the illusion that their needs are more important than those of the consumers. That is exactly why those companies fail. If you look at all the successful tech companies, like Google, Facebook, and Samsung, they strive to put the needs of the customer first.Let’s look at an example where mass production has utterly failed.Example â€" The Detroit Automobile IndustryIn the very northern region of the United States of America lies a city famous for its automobile industry â€" Detroit, Michigan. The American automobile industry is famous because of several car manufacturers having plants in this city, e.g., Ford and Cadillac. We would argue that they are rather infamous for being the perpetrators of mass production.These companies assumed that they had to pump out a certain number of cars every year and that a vast majority of them would sell. That was true for a time, until many cars were imported from overseas, namely Japan, and then consumers had more options on their hands.American car manufacturers generally did not put too much effort on reducing fuel consumption. For them, the horsepower was very important and while they did have that edge over their competitors, many consumers did not care too much about that. American cars are known to be gas-guzzlers, burning a large amount of fuel. Consumers wanted to save money on fuel and they knew that the Japanese cars were much more fuel-efficient than the American ones. From an economic point of view, the customers naturally wanted to buy cars that saved them money on oil.This perfectly demonstrates the failure of American companies in conducting market research prior to producing the goods. We will talk about market research in depth later in the article but we do want to note that many of these companies from Detroit ma de some very false assumptions.They assumed their cars were selling well based on the sales volume and revenue. However, they never assessed it against their competitor’s sales revenue and volume back in their home country. This led to a major collapse in the automobile industry in Detroit that the city is still suffering from. On the other hand, Japan is thriving and flourishing in the automobile industry.Failure to Consider Changing Consumer Lifestyle in the Digital AgeAnother point to mention that catches many companies off guard is that they seem to fail to predict how the future will be. They fail to notice the changing consumer lifestyle in this digital age. They do not see the trends of the market, and this puts many companies in a precarious situation, thinking it would be safe to not worry so much about the future and focus only on the present situation of things.This leaves many companies wide open for competitors to swoop in and steal your customers right from under you r nose, all because you did not future-proof your brand.Failure of management is evident when an organization fails to foresee where the market will head in 10 years. 10 years is actually too long. Some companies cannot predict where the market will be headed even after 5 years! In today’s landscape, you need to be able to determine where the market is going in just 2 years! Trust us when we say that the market can be very erratic. You need to have a handle on what will happen just a couple of years later.Here is an example highlighting a company failing to consider the change in consumer lifestyle.Example â€" The Death of the Sony WalkmanIn the late 1990s, Sony released the CD Walkman, a portable music player that was an upgrade from the traditional cassette tape Walkman. In the 90s, CDs were gaining popularity and Sony wanted to double down on this invention and create a portable music player that could play CDs. They were already popular with cassette tapes, and now they were e ven appealing to people listening to music on CDs. Even in the early 2000s, Sony continued to sell Walkman. However, this is where a competitor came into the market and shook things up.In the year 2001, Apple launched the iPod, a portable music player that housed digital music files on a tiny device. That was unheard of at the time. To be able to listen to music that exist as digital files on a tiny player without the need for physical media was a revolutionary concept.Everybody knew how to rip music from a music CD, but there was no viable options of putting it on a portable device dedicated to playing music. Apple launched their product and Sony lost all of its momentum. Sony still had players relying on physical media, so their Walkman were large and bulky. On the other hand, the iPod was very small and lightweight, appealing to everybody.This shows that Sony failed to see the trend of listening to music digitally instead of carrying around tapes and CDs. In the technology, it is more important than ever to foresee the shift in customer behavior. If you cannot predict how customers will use technology to perform activities, then you will never be able to create products and services that take advantage of those technologies. The Walkman is a good example of that. The Myth of an Ever-Expanding PopulationThere is an age-old belief held by many industries that if the population continues to perpetually expand and becomes more affluent with the world economy improving, your market has naturally increased with more customers willing to pay. Companies have a false sense of security and do not worry much about the future if this assumption is indeed true.The keyword here is ‘IF’. If consumers are multiplying and they are able to buy more of your goods, then you have almost nothing to worry about in the future. The view that the market does not shrink but keeps on expanding is prevalent in some industries.According to Levitt, if a market continues to expand, th en there is practically no responsibility on the side of an organization to innovate and improve their product or service. With an increasing population, there is the illusion of no problems, arising from an increasing market, which leads to a lack of thinking to enhance products.Here is an example to show how falling for this trap can backfire and explode right in your face.Example â€" Oil and Gas CompaniesA very good example presented by Levitt to demonstrate the problem of relying on an increasing market size is considering oil and gas companies. These presumed to call themselves energy providers, providing non-renewable energy for people all over the world. While this was true for quite a number of years, there have been alternative sources of energy, such as nuclear energy, which are far more efficient. More importantly, there are renewable energy sources, like solar energy and wind energy, which are far more environmental friendly than their non-renewable counterpart.Oil and g as companies continue to live off petroleum, and that will surely not last for long. Sure, the population is increasing and more people need energy but the raw material, petroleum, is diminishing every year. Studies have shown that based on the current rate of consumption and the amount of existing petroleum sources, we can live off oil and gas energy for about another century.Not a long time at all. Many oil and gas companies simply focus their complete time, efforts, and money on refining the extraction process and finding ways of making it more efficient. That simply improves the product but it fails to address the bigger issue of diminishing raw materials and customers wanting to shift to renewable energy for health reasons.Consumers are more aware of the damage caused by energy production from fossil fuels and want to use alternative, environmental friendly sources of energy. In addition to having their homes powered by solar and wind energy, people now want their cars to be ru nning on electricity instead of fuel. We can see Tesla taking advantage of this and disrupting the automobile market with their electric cars. SolarCity, a partner company of Tesla, is planning to run houses entirely on solar energy.Many oil and gas companies did not foresee the future of alternative, renewable energy sources and are now facing many issues. There are more people in this world and they are perhaps getting richer, but they do not want fossil fuel energy due to its harmful side effects.If these companies fail to diversify their energy generation options, then they will fail to be in that industry. In fact, we can see it happening now in several European countries where they rely much more on renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, than on traditional ones. The US has not yet fully adapted these alternative energy sources but very soon, it will. When it does, then two of the largest and most powerful markets will be unavailable to oil and gas companies. This is the consequence of being unwilling to change.Excessive Dependence on Research and DevelopmentWhen it comes to companies specifically in the high-tech sector, they tend to rely heavily on research and development to create new and innovate products for consumers. When it comes to technology and engineering, the name of the game is innovation. We agree that it is necessary for a tech company to invent new things if they want to thrive but it must be done with the right intentions and motives.Many companies conduct a ton of research in labs and ask themselves, “What can we make that people will want to buy and use?” Instead, they should be asking themselves, “What do our customers want to buy and use?” These two questions are vastly different. The former is more concerned with what a company can do to make a superior product or the ‘next big thing’ whereas the latter is more concerned with finding out what consumers actually want. The former is product-oriented and the latter is customer-oriented. If there is one thing you take out of this entire report, your business must be customer-oriented to avoid experiencing marketing myopia.If the top management of an organization includes many scientists and engineers, then they will most likely be in favor of dealing with controllable variables. Engineers love the defined nature of machines, production lines, and balance sheets. However, the market is not so well defined. Customers are very unpredictable, fickle, and varied, always changing their minds with what they really like and want. To this end, many engineers ignore this and focus only on the definite variables. We will see this in action in the upcoming example.Electronics are the best way to demonstrate this particular problem of marketing myopia and we have a very good example for you.Example â€" Google GlassWe all know Google, the world’s most popular search engine. It has become ubiquitous, with billions of people around the world usin g this search engine to find information online. Google is such a large and famous corporation that it has become a verb in our lexicon! “Google this. Google that.” You cannot say the same with other tech corporations on the planet; none of them are as successful as Google.For over two decades, Google was renowned for being a search engine and in 2014, they wanted launch the Google Glass, a pair of high-tech eyeglasses that will serve as an optical head-mounted display. If you play video games, you will know that a heads-up display is a screen displaying various information of objects and people around you. Imagine having that in real life by wearing Google Glass.Google was riding the success of its search engine and email service, Gmail, and attempted to continue that success with hardware instead of software. They were under the illusion that a product will sell itself because of the brand name associated with it. Because Google rose to prominence by creating a superior search engine in the past, they took the same approach with Google Glass, believing that their product is superior to everything else on the market. They heavily invested in research and development to create a pair of glasses that will serve as a computer right in front of your eyes. Google believed that continued product innovationwould result in continued growth.This could not be further from the truth. After launching in 2014, Google Glass was met with mostly negative reviews from users and due to safety and privacy concerns. Moreover, not many people wanted to wear a pair of high-tech eyeglasses that gave them information by looking at objects or people. As revolutionary as the product was, it was not well received by consumers because they had no interest in it.This is a classic example describing that just because something is very advanced and cutting-edge, it does not mean that it will sell well. Google Glass did not resonate with consumers because it failed to give them any actu al utility. It was a good idea on Google’s part but that is all it was â€" a good idea. Google concentrated so much on selling this high-tech device that they overlooked the usefulness of it.When companies invest more money on scientific research than on market research, then chances are they will fail to address the needs of the consumer. This was quite evident with the Google Glass. STRATEGIES TO AVOID OR MINIMIZE MYOPIANow that you know about the major causes of companies falling into the trap of marketing myopia, you need to take precautionary measures to avoid them, or at the very least minimize its adverse effects. You do not want to take a shortsighted approach to marketing.Marketing must always be a long-term plan that is not as superficial as selling. If you follow these strategies, your company will surely survive in the competitive market.Have a Clear VisionIt takes far more than good intentions and promotional tricks to have a successful business. Those may be great se lling tactics but they are not necessarily good marketing ones. In order to be a marketing-centric firm, a company needs to have its top management be very good leaders.These leaders must make decisions with a clear vision in mind for the organization. At times, a company may have to sacrifice short-term gains in order to attain something great in the long run. Long-term gains is the name of the game and when a firm takes measures to define its business, then it can easily adapt to the requirements of the market.In order to clearly predict the position of your company in the future, you have to do much more than simply survive; you must find a way to thrive. When leaders of a team have the drive and will to succeed and live and breathe success, then they can be called visionaries. Who are the visionaries of the modern era? Think of Elon Musk, Mark Zuckerberg, and even the late Steve Jobs.Examples â€" Visionaries that make their Business SuccessfulElonMusk is the CEO of Tesla Motors, an automobile and energy production company that manufactures electric cars and battery products. He envisions a world where everyone will drive electric cars and power their houses with electric batteries. He has a clear vision for his company and the future of the world.Mark Zuckerberg is he CEO of Facebook, the world’s largest social networking site. He wants everyone on every corner of the globe to be interconnected by establishing connections as well as sharing stories and memories.The late Steve Jobs was the CEO of Apple and he envisages a world where everybody will use technology to enrich their lives. With products like the iPod, iPhone, and iPad, he was responsible for making these products a household name all over the world.While these examples of visionaries may be over-the-top in terms of their expectations and world-changing mindset, sometimes that is what it takes to be a successful company in this age. However, you can also be part of a small business and still ma ke a difference in your local community. As long as your vision is clear, then you will know what to expect down the road and you will be able to achieve it.Be Customer-oriented, not Product-orientedWe have emphasized this point several times throughout this article because we believe it is the most significant criteria of being a successful company in the future. You must be a customer-oriented, also known as market-oriented, company that creates products and services that the market wants to consume.Focus on the needs of the consumer and you will naturally cast a wider net to appeal to a larger audience. Focus on the requirements of the product and you will quickly realize that your expectations of a great product may not meet the ever-changing demands of the market.Here an example to help you see how marketing the same product in two different ways (customer-oriented vs. product-oriented) may result in varied results.Example â€" LotionNivea is a personal care brand that specializ es in making skin and body care products, like creams and lotions. They are one of the largest producers of personal hygiene products in the world. They were able to get to their position by targeting the needs of their market rather than flaunting their products around aimlessly.For instance, when you see advertisements or commercials for Nivea body lotion, you will see that they use words like “Great for oily skin”, “Made for dry skin”, or “This lotion makes your skin silky, smooth, and hydrated.” This is a good example of a company taking the marked-oriented approach by addressing the problems of people’s skin and giving them some solutions to counter it and make it better.Had Nivea taken a more product-oriented approach, then they may have used words like “Our lotion is made with 100% natural ingredients”, or “This lotion uses coconut extracts.” While those are impressive features of a lotion, they fail to address the issues of consumers â€" “How do I mak e my skin feel smoother?”Marketing is more important than SellingThe above example on lotion branding demonstrates the effectiveness of marketing your products aimed at the needs of customers versus selling your products based on its qualities. Yes, we do not deny that there are customers who buy products based primarily on its qualities and features. However, a vast majority of consumers for the most part purchase goods based on whether the products actually help them.If a product or service does not provide any kind of utility or benefit to the end consumers, then odds are they will not buy it and your business will suffer from a tremendous loss. How can your business determine the needs of consumers prior to creating products or services? Well this is where market research comes into play.Conduct comprehensive Market ResearchIn order to truly understand the things that people want, you need to ask them directly. Conducting surveys and sending customer feedback emails go a long way in acquiring a deeper insight into the mind of consumers. In this digital age, it has become common to ask questions via social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook.Many companies even have their own blogs and forums where they ask customers and users questions like “What would you like to see us improve in our products and services?” When you are engaging with your target audience, it shows that you actually care about the market’s needs and wants much more than your own.Take all of that feedback into consideration when creating your next product and use it as input to deliver a much better output tailored to the market. The market is very fickle so you need to conduct market research every year to see where the trend is going. There is a lot of investment involved in researching the market, but will likely result in large profits because you know what people want.Rather than spending large amounts of money on RD to design a product you think is excellent, consult wi th marketers to understand how you can create a product that people want.Use the insights from the following presentation on understanding your customers. Be aware of the Competition and use your ResourcesOne of the key lessons you should take away from all of the examples listed in this report is that in order to be a successful company for a long amount of time, you must be aware of your competition. Being complacent and resting on your laurels is a sure-fire way of being supplanted by another company that took the effort to be daring and innovative.There are instances of several companies being the market leader for some period of time but because they were arrogant, they were replaced by another company. Some companies believe that what they are offering is the best because consumers are buying it by the bulk and will continue to do so for years and years. That is the biggest misconception that plagues many poor top management boards of many companies.If you want to be a big pla yer in your industry, then you need to make great efforts in knowing what your competitors are up to. Investigate your competitor’s successful marketing strategies and determine whom their products it was aimed at and why it worked so well. You can actually learn a lot from other companies who have been around the block a few times. Leverage their experience, the good ones and the bad ones, and modify it or create one from scratch that incorporates some of their marketing elements.Granted, many organizations keep their corporate news and events under wraps, so you cannot rely solely on your competitors for some information. Fortunately, there are entire websites, blogs, and industry analyses devoted to tracking changes in the market. You should definitely exhaust all of these options to extract as much information as you can on the trends of the market.Consulting experts regularly will keep you up-to-date on the requirements and expectations of consumers. Of course, all of this is forecasted data based on past data, so you may have to take it with a grain of salt. Though it is not conclusive evidence, the projected data generally shows a trend going in a particular direction. Sometimes you have to go with your gut instinct and make a move.If you wait too long, then there is always the possibility that you will miss your window of opportunity. Before somebody else take it, you need to make your mark on your consumers.Diversify your Business to Safeguard your FutureI am sure many have given you some life advice such as, “Do not bite off more than you can chew” or “Jack of all trades is the master of none.” Perhaps you took these to heart and played by these rules in your personal life. While they may work in your personal life, they have no place in the real world of competitive businesses and marketing.If you look at several mega corporations, you will see that they are like conglomerates with various departments for producing a variety of goods. Thes e businesses have become empires because they diversified their options.Diversification is a great business idea that you should definitely consider if you want to avoid marketing myopia. When you evolve from your cocoon, you can spread your wings and realize that your business has so much more offer. Do not be so one-dimensional and linear; try to be three-dimensional by offering various products and services to consumers.Here is an example of a company that decided to diversify their product range to take their company to the next level.Example â€" NikeIn the mid-20th century, an American shoe manufacturer rose in prominence when they made track running shoes for athletes in the 1960 Summer Olympics. Their target audience were sports professionals and athletes who needed shoes for their sports. They started with running shoes but soon created cleats and basketball shoes for football and basketball, respectively. They eventually started to face stiff competition from Adidas, a majo r European shoe manufacturer. Nike could have eithercontinued to design only shoes or diversify their business. They chose the latter and they have reaped the benefits since then.Nike started to manufacture sports apparel (like jerseys, shorts, and t-shirts), as well as sports equipment to appeal to a broader audience with a much wider range of products and accessories. Adidas followed suit but it was a tad bit late as they have always played second fiddle to Nike. Nike has been the market leader in sports apparel and gear for several years now, holding a sizeable market lead over its competitors.This example shows that when you diversify your products and understand what industry you are in, then you will not be shortsighted by your competitors and fall victim. Nike realized that they were much more than a shoe manufacturer; Nike realized they were a sports gear manufacturer. Diversification leads to market expansion, thereby preventing marketing myopia. Nike learned to evolve and they are still evolving to this day. The adapted to meet customers’ needs.Disruptive InnovationA form of innovation that has proven to work wonders in the world of marketing is disruptive innovation. Many established corporations sell their products and services at a high price to their consumer base who have been loyal to them for quite some time. However, there are many who cannot afford to pay such a large sum of money for something they need. They look for cheaper alternatives that provide them the same utility at a much lower cost. This is where a startup company can step in and establish their presence that will last a very long time.Many startups or small businesses offer products or services so innovative and groundbreaking that they create a new market by disrupting the current existing marketing. They evaluate what the technological trend is and observe what customers want and come up with a product that is unlike anything else their competitors are offering. It is a hug e gamble because you have almost no reference point but being a trendsetter and the “first of a kind” in the industry can work wonders for you.Your vision can lie solely in how your consumers will benefit immensely from using your product. We have stated before that it is better to be customer-oriented than product-oriented to avoid marketing myopia. However, disruptive innovation is the fusion of the two and creates dynamic products that actually address the problems of consumers.Let’s look at an example of how disruptive innovation can work in your favor.Example â€" Digital Music DownloadsUp until the middle of the last decade, many music aficionados would buy music CDs or tapes when they wanted to listen to their favorite music. They would then rip the music from the disks, store it on their computer, and listen to them. This presented a major problem. They still needed to buy physical media to listen to music. With the world becoming digital, there had to be a way to buy m usic digitally. This is where Apple stepped in with an ingenious idea of a digital music store called the iTunes Store, where people can purchase music at the price of $1 per song.This totally disrupted the market because record labels and music studios at the time were only used to releasing physical media when it came to music. The iTunes Store came in and gave people an alternative they were looking for at a very low price in comparison to the CDs. Not too long after that, Spotify joined in on the action with its music store app.Spotify has the added benefit that you could listen to music for free! This disrupted the competition even further because until Spotify, there were only paid options to download music legally. Now, an app was letting people listen to music free of charge! Spotify made physical media irrelevant when it came to music. For the past few years, it has reigned supreme as the number 1 choice from which music lovers listen to songs.This is a good example of how a disruptive innovative product or service can totally change the landscape of an industry. As you may notice, there are fewer music CDs at stores these days because most people are buying their music online or listening to it free of cost.Spotify and iTunes had a common vision â€" To see a world where digital media is commonplace. They made that dream come true.CONCLUSIONFor a company to experience continuous growth in today’s ever-changing landscape of business, it must concentrate on satisfying customers’ needs rather than selling products. Organizations must attempt to continually adapt to best meet customer needs in order to compete in a new industry. By being customer-oriented, an organization will naturally experience an increase in sales volume and revenue. Being shortsighted is detrimental in marketing. You must always think long-term and play for the end game to be successful.We have listed quite a few examples from Apple in this article. There is a good reason for thi s. If you look at all of their products, you will see that they are not necessarily the best products on the market. Nevertheless, they sell very well. Why is that? It is because they are marketed very well. Apple’s marketing team is one of the best in the business, especially in the electronics and high-tech industry. You can learn a lot from their marketing campaigns and strategies.We would like to leave you with an important quote from Theodore Levitt’s Marketing Myopia that succinctly states what your business should do to avoid myopia â€"“Organizations must learn to think of themselves not as producing goods or services but as buying customers, as doing the things that will make people want to do business with it.” If you meet human needs, then you will always evolve and improve with a long-term goal of satisfying customers and not just selling things.

The American Dream In The Great Gatsby and The Grapes of...

â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness (Independence Hall Association, 2011).† This exert from The Declaration of Independence provides a look on America and how life is meant to be lived; with all individuals having an equal right to exist. This existence includes life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This beacons to one vital idea, one main vision, which creates a fundamental dream. This dream is the American Dream, and is the ideology that life should be richer, fuller, and more sustainable for the common man. The idea influences viewpoints that anything can be†¦show more content†¦As stated, â€Å"It was a strange coincidence,’ (Nick) said. But it wasn’t a coincidence at all.’ ‘Why not?’ ‘Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay (Fitzgerald, 2011).† This further proves that Gatsby’s only purpose in life is to live for the opportunity to associate with Daisy. When this happens, Gatsby is ecstatic, but this later comes plummeting down. As is shown, the American Dream fluctuates from person to person, thus making a false implementation of success, when the idea of success can just be altered to fit. Considering that it can be changed to fit, the American Dream is thus never truly met, only falsely acclaimed. Grapes shows this by having the Joads change from their previous dream, to farm on their owned land, to the present dream, of moving to California and finding sustainable work there. The American Dream can only be reasonable and fit the situation at hand, which why it is always allowed to be changed. This proves that it is never truly met, as exceptions and excuses can and will be made, due to human nature. In Gatsby, also, the American Dream is only somewhat accomplished, as though Gatsby associates with Daisy, she cann ot seem to completely commit to him. This eventually gets Gatsby killed, and Daisy moving on to where the money is. For Gatsby, in that short while when he and Daisy connected, the American Dream seems to be achieved forShow MoreRelatedScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath1720 Words   |  7 PagesScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath In the novels The Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald and The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the authors present similar ideas, but use different methods to portray them. Similarities in themes can be made between the two texts; these include the pursuit of the American Dream and the use and misuse of wealth. 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Lorraine Hansberry s A Raisin - 981 Words

In A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry portrays the Younger family as a struggling black family in Chicago at a pivotal time period for race relations in America shortly after the conclusion of World War II. Hansberry uses the three main characters of Walter, Lena (Mama), and Beneatha in order to emphasize the theme of family and the American Dream, whether that be the hard to get along with Walter and his self pity, or the kind and warm hearted Mama and her constant struggle to keep her children in line, or the educated and expressive Beneatha who just wants to find herself and explore her roots. Ultimately, by the end of the story, they work out their problems and show the values of family as they move to a new house in a white neighborhood where they will surely be oppressed. At the beginning of the story we are introduced to the Younger family living in a run down two-bedroom apartment in the Chicago slums. The Younger family consists of Lena Younger (Mama), her son, Walter Y ounger with his wife Ruth and their son Travis, and her daughter Beneatha Younger. They all are struggling in financial and social standards, but that all could all change with an insurance check for ten thousand dollars from Mama’s husband who has passed away. This check sends a rift through the Younger family as they all have different ideas for how the money should be used. This is where the theme of family and also the idea of the American dream come into play as they all fight over how theShow MoreRelatedLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin1120 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A raisin in the sun† was written by Lorraine Hansberry. The play was not expected to do so well because it had one white cast member, an inexperienced director, and an untried playwright. Set in the south side of Chicago in the 1950s, the play begins in the morning in the Youngers apartment. 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I thought it was a little bit small, but it did not show as a problem. The pre-show was dark and a feel of suspense. I felt excited to see how everything would play out. The play takes place down south of Chicago in the 1950’s. The production was much aRead MoreLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin1995 Words   |  8 Pages In A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry utilizes the insurance check to symbolize the American Dream as the check provides the members of Younger family with the opportunity to achieve their aspirations. The concept of the check reveals Walter’s and Mama’s perceptions of themselves and of their lifestyle, and their responses to the check reveals their contrasting approaches for escaping their impoverished world; therefore, Walter’s and Mama’s characteristics and reaction to the arrival of theRead MoreLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin Of The Sun1527 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† is about the Younger Family who live in a small apartment in Chicago. 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Writing and Reading Should Be Taught Together Free Essays

string(29) " and analysis process essay\." CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Context Nowadays, in University, scholars need to learn another language besides their own mother tongue. They will like to learn English language which is the second language we can learn. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing and Reading Should Be Taught Together or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a language, there are a lot of skills which we must learn, such as, reading, writing, listening and speaking. What actually reading is? Reading means the action or skill of reading written or printed matter silently or aloud. Moreover, it is also mean as the process of constructing meaning from written texts. Hence, it is not a skill that students must learn separately from other processes. Reading skill combines many complex activities include categorizing, building key terms and concepts for a subject, measuring one’s reaction to a subject, making new connections, abstracting, figuring out significance and developing arguments. In learning English Foundation subjects, there are some reasons for us to read. By reading books, we might become an interesting person. This happens because we can use information that we get from books or magazine to impress ourselves to friends or future employers. Besides, reading also can help us to learn how to write correctly. In this case, we will get good grades and also can impress our future boss who will promote us because we can express ourselves 3 correctly. The next reason for reading is to help us in developing our imagination to write many excellent stories. For doing some event, we also can look up a lot of funny ideas for friends to prepare something outside our expectation. If we read, we can get the information which can take us to some places that we do not know. For example, when we see newspapers write good articles about travelling places which we have never been before, we will feel interesting to take part in that travel place. There are many types of reading as a second language. The types of reading are divided into two sections, which are reading in oral and reading in silent. In silent reading, it also divided into two as extensive and intensive reading. Extensive reading has three sections which are scanning, skimming and global reading. Scanning reading means we required to use a specific piece of information. After scanning the passage, the reader will know what the items look like, knows when has located, what was the searching for. It is assumed that very little information is processed into long-term memory or even for immediate understanding because the objective is simply matching. Besides that, skimming reading has more complex task than scanning because it requires the reader to organize and remember some of the information given by the author not just to locate it. In learning the reading skill, we can use different ways to have more effective learning. We can take reading as realism which mean literature is 4 realistic in one way or another. This is also about the human condition that it is repository of cultural wisdom. When we started to read, we will just focus on things like plot, character, setting and also themes of the material reading. Furthermore, we can make reading as our experience to have it. It is also can help us to think the way how they manipulate experience changes from page to page, moment to moment. We might also focus on experience of particular varieties of readers such as grouped them by age, gender, race, class and place in the world. To make effective learning in reading, we can help children to select reading materials that match their passions. By asking what is interesting of them, we can choose the book which match to them and make them truly suit for their learning journeys. On top of that, we can also ask children to read aloud their reading materials because usually children are never told to be read in front of the friends or teachers. With reading to children, the most powerful thing is we have to teach the beauty of language, a little grammar and also the meaning of the text. When we read to children, we can model the love of story and language that compels us in learning how to read. In the other hands, we can see that writing is an activity or a skill of making coherent words on paper and composing text. It also means the representation of language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols which also known as a writing system. With some reasons, we need to learn writing in the second language lesson. The first reason is writing can makes 5 us to think more than what usually we speak. It makes us to think and thoughts are vital in the journey of life because we need to observe, listen, smell, feel, analyze, question, rationalize, appreciate, process, internalize and make conclusion. On top of that, writing can improve our literary skills. For example, if we take time to write out a passage or a book, we will improve our literary skills in some period of time. You can also learn a lot of new words, writing skills and developing the alternative literary forms which from prose to poetry. The next reason we need to learn writing is because it can make us to be disciplined. This writing skill can disciplined our thoughts in daily routine and also in future life. After we experience the benefits of writing, we will begin to enjoy it. If this happens all the time, it can become a habit, a compulsion and a fascination. Furthermore, writing also can makes us to open the new doors to find new friends, ideas, possibilities, ways to constructively utilize time, and considerations. In writing skills, there are also many types of writing, such as, cause or effect, cause and effect, comparison and contrast, definition, description, narrative, persuasive and analysis process essay. You read "Writing and Reading Should Be Taught Together" in category "Essay examples" Cause or effect is an essay about meaningful relationships between events and results. It is also make an event and an effect which happens as a result of that situation. However, comparison/contrast essay is comparing the differences between two or more similar or different things. Definition essay means we write the meaning of 6 something, whereas, in writing description essay, we need to describe all about â€Å"painting a picture† with words. On the other hand, narrative writing is to write a story that you would like to share. In writing persuasive essays, we need to convince others by presenting solid and supported arguments. In a process to make analysis essay, we need to write and explain how to do something or how something is working and also we must think and write what those things can be happen in future life. In learning writing skills, there are some ways to make the writing become more effective. We can list out all the work words. By doing this way, we can list out the â€Å"work† words in English verb and also download the complete list â€Å"work† words that writers use to enhance their ability to read. Another way to learn writing is how to write a Letter of Intent. It will help us to learn tips on how to write a professional letter of intent. We also can see the free template and sample of how to write a Letter of Intent. Besides that, we also can learn writing is we study how to write an Executive Summary. In this skill, we can find a lot of unique opportunities to convince the reader that writing can offer the best value proposition and is the best benefit at the lowest cost. To be an effective writer, we need different method in teaching how to write. First of all, we can help students to analyze text by asking them to imagine dialogue between authors. It is can help students to integrate the ideas of several writers into a single analytical essay by asking them to create a dialogue among 7 those authors. Furthermore, we also can encourage descriptive writing by focusing on the sounds of words. When a teacher read out some sentences for many times, it means he / she lets the students to write out what they have collected from teachers’ reading. In this situation, they may use their own words, borrow from other contributions, add other words which are necessary and change word forms. We also can use the sharing events of students’ life to inspire writing. For example, when a child comes to school with a fresh haircut or tattered book bag, these events can make them to create a new essay or a new poem by their own. By sharing the events, we can ask the students to write out what actually their mind is thinking that time or inspire some ideas related to the events. 1. 2 Options We have prepared three different research papers which are explaining about different methods in teaching English language, in this situation we can say for teaching English Foundation class. These can be used by the lecturers to teach their scholars to prepare their assignment for continuing their degree program. Here are the three options, which are : 1. 2. 1 Reading then Writing 1. 2. 2 Writing then Reading 1. 2. 3 Reading and Writing Should be Taught Together 8 1. 3 Thesis Statements In the University, the lecturers still thinking which is the best method they need to use for teaching syllabus. Normally, lecturers will use teaching scholars reading skills then following by teaching writing skills. This happens because they think scholars will become more effective in writing their assignment. Besides that, lecturers also will use the method of teaching writing skills then reading skills. If they use this method, they believe that the scholars will become an expert reader. Now, we choose the research paper which is explaining about Reading and Writing Should be Taught Together because we strongly recommend this method to be used in University English Foundation Class. 1. 4 Linking Sentence to Chapter II Now, let us think which one is the best teaching method in reading and writing skills for school and university students. Is teaching reading skills should be taught first then followed by teaching writing skills? Or is teaching writing skills should be taught first then followed by teaching reading skills? Or are both reading and writing skills should be taught together in schools and universities. 9 CHAPTER II MAIN DISCUSSION 2. 1 Reading then Writing According to Joelle Brummitt-Yale, who is a certified teacher (BA in English and a M. Ed. in Middle Grades Language Arts) and has 10 years experience in public school education. She is also currently working on a certificate in academically gifted education. A research has been found that when children read extensively in a wide range, they might become better writers. Reading different kind of genres help children in learning text structures and language which can be transferred to their own writing. In addition, reading provides young people with prior knowledge which can be used in their stories. One of the primary reasons that we can read is to learn, especially while we are still in school. A major portion of what we know comes from the texts we read. Since writing is the act of transmitting knowledge in print, we must have information to share before we can write it. Therefore reading plays a major role in writing. It’s easier to start off by reading, because it gives children the opportunity to recognize words and phrases, and adapt them to use when they are writing. It also gives the opportunity for children to understand more before they begin writing, as they already know how basic sentence structures work, which is shown through reading not by direct teaching. 10 More Reading for Better Writing To produce better writing by reading more. Reading is the single most important activity that leads to better writing. In fact, it’s just as crucial as actually writing. So, let’s talk about why it’s essential for writers to read as much as possible and also reading before writing. Firstly, more reading, the human brain is like a sponge. We soak up everything that we observe and experience throughout our lives, and each thing we are exposed to become part of the very fiber of our beings. What we read is no exception. You may not be able to recite the Mother Goose nursery rhymes you read as a child, but they’re still somewhere in that head of yours. When you hear Jack be nimble, Jack be quick, that little voice inside your head will tell you that Jack jumped over a candlestick. It’s embedded in your brain. Secondly, better writing, by reading a lot, you will develop a familiarity with language. Your vocabulary will expand and turns of phrase will wedge themselves into your memory. Even grammar sinks in. Forget memorizing all the rules, just read writers who are grammatically adept. Eventually, it all will become part of your mental makeup. Melissa Donovan is a website designer and copywriter. She writes fiction and poetry and is the founder and editor of Writing Forward, a blog packed with creative writing tips and ideas. 1 Ninety percent of schools teach reading before writing because it’s easier to start off by reading, because it gives children the opportunity to recognise words and phrases, and adapt them to use when they are writing. It also gives the opportunity for children to understand more before they begin writing, as they already know how basic sentence structures work, which is shown through reading not by direct teaching. Moreove r, you can also incorporate more words into your writing if you have a better vocabulary. Comments : 2. 1. Chan Chu Ying Base on the article, more reading our vocabulary will expand and turns of phrase will wedge them into our memory. It stimulates our brain, and makes you become a more creative thinker. It is a wonderful skill to have, and if our get us hands on a really good book, reading will become like eating is a great technology. The more we learn from reading books the more lessons you will know for life. If we can see, we do not look like it could fly, but it will not fly, we read every book that you have to go to a new place. We find more villains, more cases; we have not thought of a way out, you have to be a hero to accommodate more. Reading also gives our knowledge, keeps our mind and imagination active since our picture the scenes, improve memory, and learn about new things and new idea. 2. 1. 2 Stefanie Tio 12 There are many researchers who do researches about teaching reading skills first to the students or scholars then continuing with writing skills. The result shows that this method has a lot of advantages, such as, helping students or scholars in learning sentence structure and language in making application to their writing, giving more information which can be used to their writing, and making them become more familiar with language. However, not all of the students or scholars can use this method in learning. Moreover, not all of the teachers also feel comfortable using this way of teaching. This happens because every single person is different, one can use this method efficiently; on the other hand, one cannot accept this method. For instance, some of the students’ writing is very good and their uses of grammar also excellent. These results come because they read many books with different genre so they have known a wide range of vocabulary and the grammar also already ‘sinks’ in their brain. . 1. 3 Lv Ya Wei A research told us that kids will have more opportunity to become a good writer if they do a lot of reading because reading is more easier than writing and also reading different types of books can help kids to deal with the reality world stuff better. They can solve the problems or attempt to stop making mistakes by using the examples they have already read. When the kids write somethin g, every part of the writing root in reading. They learn the words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs from reading. At the same time 13 hey expand their vocabulary, improve the writing skills and have more experience and feeling about writing just like having already found a guideline or a good teacher. Everything turns into their brain like memories, next time when they need some opinion or advices the memories will come out and show them. This will be a great help for their writing even their future life. If you want to make yourself a high step in writing, the fact is first you have to do some reading enough, then you can create the style of your own. You study from reading and make it better. The only way is reading before writing. Always, the efficiency of reading by oneself is lower than reading be taught. So reading should be taught before writing. 2. 1. 4 Low Lei Hoong After read the research paper of reading then writing, I think the students who read more of the books can be better writers. The students who had read different kinds of genre, the students are able to learn text structures and also good language in the writing. By this skill, the students can use all the information that they already to write in the writing essay or books. The students who read more genres of books, books can provide a lot of prior knowledge in their reading. The students can also use the knowledge they get to solve a problem. Besides that, the students will able to recognize the difficult words and 14 good phrases. In the writing an essay or books, the students can use the words and phrases that their get from reading books. By reading first then writing the paragraph, the students can develop a familiarity with language and no necessary with the same language that they only know it. Furthermore, the essay will easy to start off by reading first because the students will use their own information to write it out. Those students start with reading, they are able to understand some difficulty words before they started writing. 2. 2 Writing then Reading One tool which can be looked for improving students’ reading, as well as their learning from text is writing. Writing has three ways to improve reading. Firstly, reading and writing activities are functional, which can be combined to reach a specific goal. In this case is learning new ideas which are represented in the text (Fitzgerald and Shanahan, 2000). For example, writing sciences information might facilitate comprehension and learning so the reader can understand and learn easily. This happens because it provides the meaning of recording, connecting, analyzing, personalizing and manipulating the main idea of the text. Secondly, the connecting of reading and writing, as they draw upon common knowledge and cognitive processes (Shanahan, 2006). Therefore, to improve students’ writing skills, teachers must also improve their reading skills. Thirdly, reading and writing are activities which provide communication. Writers should improve their perception about reading by making 15 their own texts (Tierney and Shanahan, 1991), in order to make better understanding for the others. Writing to Read perception cannot determine all the ways that writing can improve reading more than writing, and to identify all the possible ways to enhance students’ writing. However, all of the Writing to Read recommendations have already shown clear results in improving students’ reading. Nevertheless, even when these practices are used together, they do not constitute a complete course. The writing practices which are described in this report should be taught in flexible and thoughtful way to support the learning of the students. The proof is well known as writing can be used for improving reading. The fact is to allow students in writing from what they have read and see how they understand it. The same result also can be seen when students write texts from different subjects such as science and social studies. This result is consistent with the finding from Writing Next that writing about science, math, and other types of information promotes students’ learning of the material. Moreover, the teaching of writing is not only to improve the students’ writing in demonstrating writing, but also to improve the student’s ability to read and understand the texts. They need to read the text accurately, fluently and with understanding. Finally, the results also show that students who spend more time in writing have positive impact on reading. It improves students’ understanding about 16 the text which is written by other writers. When it is taken together, these results from Writing to Read and Writing Next highlight the authority of writing as a tool to enhance reading and content learning. In addition, writing is always been recommended as a tool to improve reading. In Reading Next (Biancarosa and Snow, 2004), intensive writing was identified as a tense element of an effective childhood literacy programs. Reading Next wrote that writing instruction improves reading comprehension and writing skills teaching (grammar and spelling) is used to strengthen reading skills. Writing about a text is also believed to improve students’ understanding, because it helps them to connect what they have read, know, understand, and think (Carr, 2002). However, it is also noted that the effects of this writing practise on reading are to minimize students who only wrote a little or do not have clear instructions on how to do writing. For instance, Weber and Henderson (1989) found that the more writing instruction can produced more in reading gains than the less writing instruction. National survey of the writing practices at the high school level, Kiuhara, Graham, and Hawken (2009) found that students are rarely required to complete writing tasks which involve analysis and interpretation. Assignments which require more writing than a single paragraph happened only less than once a month in 50% of the classes. Based on data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress, Applebee and Langer (2006) also reported similar results. Kiuhara and colleagues 17 further also indicated that high schools’ writing instruction was very rare, even in language arts classes, and become less in social studies and science classes. Many teachers (60% of science teachers, for example) reported, they feel unprepared to teach how to write to the students. Eventhough primary teachers have spent more time in teaching writing and are better prepared to teach writing practices (Cutler and Graham, 2008 Graham Harris, MacArthur, and Fink CHORZEMPA of 2003), most elementary students only spend about 20 minutes a day for writing. The writing teaching has approached a lot of the evidence-based practices. In Writing Next (Graham and Perin, 2007), 4th – 12th grade students has been identified through a comprehensive meta-analysis of writing intervention research in eleven effective instructional practices (see Graham, MacArthur and Fitzgerald [2007] for detailed presentation for these practices). Many of these writing practices, such as writing process of teaching or how to build more complex sentence, also has positive impact on students’ reading ability in the review. The challenge now is to help schools and teachers in making these and other effective practice as an integral part of their literacy programs. This report proves that good writing instruction is very crucial to achieve all the goals of the literacy. This report is to determine the effects of multiple writing practices on students’ reading performance. A considerable research has accumulated over the years to get the result from 93 comparisons examining the effects of reading and writing. The current study involved a wide range of subjects, including language arts, science, 18 social studies, and second language learning, guided students in urban, suburban, and rural schools. The huge existing experimental and rural experimental research is enough to make the conclusions and recommendations which can help policy-makers and educators to redesign the schools until it can meet the goal of all literacy. The practice of writing cannot take ffective reading methods (see Biancarosa and Snow [2004] and NICHD [2000] for a review of such practices). On the contrary, the writing practices supplement reading practice and should always be used in connecting, support and strengthening with each type of the practice. Our evidence suggests that these writing activities enhance the students’ text understanding in the improvements from the tr aditional reading activities, such as reading text, reading and rereading text, reading and discussing text, and accepting improvements in reading instruction. The empirical evidence suggests that the practice of writing, as described in the report to strengthen the concept of reading skills which writing should be taught, and emphasized as an integral part of the school curriculum. Previous studies have found, teaching the same process of writing and skills can improve the quality of students’ writing (Graham and Perin, 2007a; see also Graham, in press; Rogers and Graham, 2008) and learning content (as demonstrated in Graham and Perin [2007a] and Bangert-Drowns, Hurley, and Wilkinson [2004]). Students who do not have 19 trong writing skills might not be able to take full advantage of the power of writing as a tool to strengthen reading. Comments : 2. 2. 1 Chan Chu Ying Base on the article, an often overlooked tool for improving students’ reading and learning from text, writing. Reading and writing cannot determine all the way, writing can improve reading and writing again. All writing and reading proposals have shown clear re sults, to improve their reading. Writing can be used to improve the readability of the vehicle. Enhanced in order to let students write the text they read and how they understand it. In addition, the teaching of writing, not only to improve students’ writing, writing pages, but also enhance the student’s ability, accurately, fluently and comprehend text. Allow students to spend more time reading and writing have a positive impact, and improve students’ reading comprehension was written by someone else. Overall, the results of the study of college writing outstanding English writing, reading, and writing as a tool to improve reading and learning content. The students spend more time writing a positive impact on reading to improve students’ reading comprehension was written by someone else. . 2. 2 Stefanie Tio According to this research paper, there are several reasons why writing skills should be taught first then reading skills in teaching students or scholars. The first 20 reason is because writers should improve their own passages to make the readers can understand the meaning easily. Secondly, it can make a big improvement in studen ts’ reading. Moreover, it also can make students become more creative since they are not be able to see others’ writing so they make their writing based on their way to write. Although the results are already proved by quite a lot of researchers, many teachers are still not ready in using this method in teaching. This happens because they feel difficult what should they do to start teaching writing skills in the beginning of the lesson. In my opinion, this method only suitable if it is used in writing analytical passage, such as laboratory report, mathematic report, and so on because in this type of writing, students need to write based on the result of their practicum and write about their opinion about what will happen next. 2. 2. Lv Ya Wei Putting Writing before Reading is an effective approach to teaching and learning. Writing can make your reading better, writing some information that is fact will help us to understand each other better, so for the readers is more easier to study. Because writing will improve our skills of recording, connecting, analyzing, making things personal and controlling them. The phrase â€Å"reading and writing† reflec ts the implicit assumption that reading comes first and that writing must follow. First graders can â€Å"write† all the words they can say, albeit in their own manner and using invented spelling. Encouraging this kind of writing gives children control over letters and texts, giving them an 21 understanding that they need ultimately for reading. The word learning itself tends to promote reading over writing because we often assume learning refers to input, not output, that it’s a matter of putting other people’s ideas inside us. Writing is more caught up with meaning making, however, and encourages students to break out of their characteristically passive stance in school and in learning. Reading tends to imply Sit still and pay attention, whereas writing tends to imply Get in there and do something. It’s not the case that putting writing first–output before input–will encourage individualism. We will put more care into reading when they have had more of a chance to write. 2. 2. 4 Low Lei Hoong To improve the student’s reading skill, the best way to improve is by writing the texts or books before them reading. The students can write the information might facilitate comprehension and learning so that readers can learn it in easily. This happens because inside the text have all the function of reading such as meaning of connecting, analyzing, recording and manipulating the idea of text. By this skill, writing can provide the communication to the others person. Those people don’t know how to say out their mind, they might use writing skill to say out their mind. Besides that, their writing can give them a lot of unexpected thinking and ideas to create new things. Furthermore, the students who make their own texts for their own understand. Writing the essay also can improve the student’s reading. 22 Writing more than reading can make the students improve ability reading and understand the texts. The fact is allowing the students understanding what they write and understanding the meaning of text. Hence, writing first then continue with reading, the students can improve their own understanding what their own writing. The students reading skill also can improve by writing the texts. 2. 3 Reading and Writing Should Be Taught Together According to Spandel Stiggins in 1997, before writers can create their own writing, they can learn and know that good writing is all about by hearing and loving others’ work. Students are mostly ready learning to write by reading literature often and widely. Increasing attention to the connections between reading and writing to children literature’s quality have been given by teachers and researchers, such as Calkins 1994; Eckhoff 1983; Harste, Shorte Burke 1998; Lancia 1997; Tierney Pearson 1983. The similar processes of composing meaning are reading and writing which contributes to the successful by practicing. Lucy Calkins (1994), who is the author of The Art Of Teaching Writing, said that reading and writing connections started by teachers and caregivers because they help children feel interest with a single poem, book or essay. The students’ writing which teachers get might be good if the classroom literature surrounds and sustains it because literature is the most influence of all students (Fletcher and Portalupi 1998). Moreover, Donovan and Smolkin (2002) state students writing paralleled what they 23 knew about narrative and exposition reading. It means that students were able to use those attributes or skill in their own writing whether they knew and understood about the characteristics of the reading genre. Teachers are urged to be readers to teach themselves about the definition of quality writing (Spandel and Stiggins 1997). With reading often and widely, teachers can continuously discover the writing examples that can be shared to students in teaching good writing. When teachers share the meaningful passage or story with students, students are exposed to rich lexical-items and develop literary awareness as they hear good writers’ language. Students also can learn the language and structure of the passage or story. By leading the students in discussing stories and books which are focusing on characters and plot, teachers can make students familiar with these important elements of writing. Based on Calkins 1994, when we read to the children, the children and us should be preparing to take the next action. By using authors as mentors, students also can learn many kinds of writing styles and elements of craft. Teachers also can let the students know that most authors had mentors and were influenced by others’ writing. This can help students to survey and experiment with formats and styles from their favorite writers. Many students think and believe that teachers are the only audience for their writing because teachers are usually reading and assessing their assignment. Based to 24 Mem Fox (1993), whenever or whatever she writes, there is always someone on the other side. Writing to different audience requires attention to appropriate content and tone, depending on the age or experience of the reader. It is very crucial for teacher, not only to point out the audiences’ use in literature, but also to guide the students to make their own decisions by asking the words from the passage. Once the students understand reading – writing connection and the important of audiences to the passage, they will try to begin writing with audiences in their own mind. Ralph Fletcher, who wrote A Writer’s Notebook (1996), says that a writer’s notebook is a place to record things that make readers’ emotion and also to keep and write things readers need to remembered and noticed. He also stated, â€Å"Write it down in your notebook before it slips your mind†. Moreover, many writers collect articles which are related to their writing form newspaper and magazine. Some news sometimes can increase an idea for writing and can be used just from cut and paste it out in your notebook. We have become too much focused on journal writing, especially with primary-grade students (Routman 1996). Personal journals can promote fluency in both reading and writing, encourage risk taking and provide opportunity for reflection. There are a many types of good books which can have profound effects on student’s writing styles in the classroom. Saturation with literature directly influence writing by providing important models and a lively interaction between reading and writing (Lancia, 1997). As they become familiar with story elements, terminology 25 and style. Students can start to use this skill into their own writing. Routman, 1994 wrote that immersion in literature is one of the best ways to encourage students to write in a particular genre. However, students must hear and examine many types of books before they can expect to write themselves. Students who know many types of books, rhymes or poems, in their writing can appear many favorite characters, words and phrases. Most of the words are learned through reading or listening to others. In this way, children can understand difficult words and also teachers can help children o learn new words. Based on Calkins in 1994, the connection is easier to make if students spend more time in reading, studying and listening to picture books, alphabet books or poems. Inside the student’s writing, the length of most picture books is similar and also the time it takes to read will make them effective addition to the writing activity. Comments : 2. 3. 1 Chan Chu Ying Base on the article, widel y and frequently read, teachers can continue to find examples, we can share the students’ writing. When teachers sharing meaningful passage or story with students, students are exposed to rich lexical-terms and develop literary awareness. Students also can learn the structure and language of passage or story. Students can also study the structure and language of the channel or the story. 26 Discussion to guide students through the books and focus on the characters and plot story, the teacher will familiarize students with writing some of the necessary elements. Most vocabulary is learned that the read or listen to other people to see. Appropriate reading materials, creative use, which will improve writing courses. Those students who are exposed to many genre and styles of good literature are very likely to transfer these rich experience into their writing. In addition, picture books can be used to encourage the child with the audience feel new vocabulary and literary devices. Through the use of different types of reading materials, students can be exposed to more ideas to write well. 2. 3. 2 Stefanie Tio Mostly students are ready in learning how to write if they also have reading passages as their examples. Moreover, scholars can also produce a good writing for their assignments, but they do not know how to make it. Maybe they do not know how a good writing should be made or they never have a good example before. This is not because they want to follow other writers’ way to write, but because they really do not know how to write without seeing the good example first. There are many varieties of books which are sold outside, many of them are good books which can be followed by the students and some of them are not very good if someone want to see them as an example. Because of these reasons, teachers also need to guide students to find the good books to follow so their writing can be as good as good writer. 2. 3. 3 Lv Ya Wei 27 Writing is not a skill that students learn separate from other processes. It combines many complex activities, including categorizing, building key terms and concepts for a subject, measuring one’s reaction to a subject, making new connections, abstracting, figuring out significance, and developing arguments—to name a few. Our highest cognitive functions are developed and supported through active and interconnected use of language—speaking, listening, reading, and writing. In practice, this means that reading (and speaking and listening) can be used as a springboard for writing projects, and writing can be used as a way to understand reading. A variety of informal, often ungraded, writing activities may be used, for instance, to help students understand that critical reading can be practiced through writing about reading and that writing projects can be strengthened through careful, critical reading. Classroom practices can be designed so that students use writing to read and reading to write. Writing courses consistently provide such integrated activities for students. Essentially,reading is a kind of skill that receive information, writing is a process of producing. Let reading and writing be taught together will save resources also Improve cognitive system of a human being. Because reading and writing are both included in learning, they are just two different steps, but still they belong to the same system. Then the common grounds and possibilities between reading and writing allocate resource in a more effective way. Because of efficient, saving time, enhance communication between people, they absolutely should be taught together. 8 2. 3. 4 Low Lei Hoong The students who teach reading and writing together will increase their attention of literature quality of themselves. The students will be successful by increase their literature quality. Besides that, the students will feel more interesting in the different genres of books, poems and essay. Teachers can shared the different types of writing to be shared to students for them understanding the s kills of writing. Students also can discuss stories and books which are focusing on characters and plot. Students can be use different authors to be mentors. This skill can make the students to more effective writing and more feel more interest in writing. The students will make their favorite authors to their guideline for writing essay and books. Furthermore, the writing skill not only for the teachers and also can for the others audience who want to read the story and books. The students can also use the notebooks to record the things. The notebooks can record all the things that make readers emotion and also to keep the things make readers to noticed and remembered. When the readers read the magazines and also newspaper, the information they get, they can write down in the notebook so that they can use it in writing. There are many types of good books which can have profound effects of students writing in classroom. The information they get from the books, the writers can use it in the writing essay or paragraph. The books can appear many favorite 29 characters, words and phrases for them write in the books. With reading and writing, the students are able to understand the difficult words and lean new words. This difficulty words and new words can use it the writing. . 4 Linking Sentences to Chapter III With all above of our comments, we think that the third topic, which is Reading and Writing Should Be Taught Together, is the best method. We will explain our conclusion and recommendation of using this method in the next chapter. 30 CHAPTER III CONCLUSION 3. 1 Points to Remember Reading is a phenomenon where someone must have as this skill so th ey can understand what the readers’ mean by writing the text. However, writing is a skill in making well writing paper by using coherent words so the readers can understand what is the meaning of the writer’s writing. There are a lot of differences in teaching method for students and scholars, such as teaching reading then writing skills, writing then reading skills, and teaching both reading and writing skills at the same time. We have stated all of the explanations above and have discussed about the advantages and disadvantages which students and scholars can get. Therefore, we choose reading and writing should be taught together because with suitable reading materials which are used creatively, this will enhance the writing curriculum. Those students who are exposed to many genre and styles of good literature are very likely to transfer these rich experiences into their writing. Besides that, picture books can be used to encourage children with sense of audience, new vocabulary and various literary devices. By using different types of reading materials, the students can exposed more idea to make a good writing. 31 In our opinion, we recommend all the teachers who teach language in schools or universities to teach students and scholars by using â€Å"Reading and Writing should be taught together† method. 3. Recommendation From our research, we strongly believe that the reading and writing should be taught together because it will give the scholars a better way to study the language. So that the students will be more prepare to have effective writing skills because all of the universities, not only University, will told scholars to write for assignment and final examinations in using words. 32 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bru mmit. Joelle. n. d. The Relationship between Reading and Writing. , from http:// www. k12reader. com/the-relationship-between-reading-and-writing/ Donovan, M. (2012, September 7). More Reading for Better Writing. . d. , from http://www. writingforward. com/better-writing/more-reading-better-writing Graham, S. , Hebert, M. A. (2010). Writing to read: Evidence for how writing can improvereading. A Carnegie Corporation Time to Act Report. Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education. Luvhistory. (2012, March 2). Why do ninety percent of schools teach reading before writing. n. d. , from http://wiki. answers. com/Q/Why_do_ninety_ percent_of_schools_teach_reading_before_writing Olness, R. (2005). Using literature to enhance writing instruction (pp. 1-9). Newark, DE: International Reading Association. 33 How to cite Writing and Reading Should Be Taught Together, Essay examples